A&P Cardiovascular System Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which serous membrane adheres directly to the surface of the heart?
• Which valve connects the atria and ventricles?
• Which term means elevated blood pressure?
• The electrical impulse that initiates a cardiac contraction is called what?
• Which structures attach to the chordae tendineae to limit movement of valve cusps and prevent backflow of blood?
• A tiny vein that drains blood from capillaries is called a
• The stoppage of bleeding is called which of the following?
• Blood type is determined by the hereditary presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells. Which term describes this blood grouping system?
• What is the outermost layer of the heart?
• Which term describes a vessel that carries blood away from the heart?
• How is cardiac output calculated, and what is the normal resting range for adults?
• State Poiseuille's law and its relevance to vascular resistance.
• Which circuit carries oxygen-rich blood to all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium?
• What is a key function of the lymphatic system in cardiovascular homeostasis?
• Which description correctly defines Type AB blood?
• Which nerve is the parasympathetic nerve of the heart that slows heart rate?
• Arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs are the
• Which term describes opposition to blood flow caused by friction of the blood vessel walls?
• Which term refers to the body's ability to deliver adequate blood to tissues?
• Which process is responsible for the production of all blood cells?
• The baroreceptors send afferent signals via which nerves?
• The antigen found in red blood cells that is used in blood typing is the which?
• Which term refers to the innermost lining of a blood vessel?
• If afterload increases while preload remains constant, what happens to stroke volume?
• What is the primary purpose of valves in veins?
• Which structure delays impulses from the SA node to allow the atria to completely empty before the ventricles contract?
• The valves between the atria and ventricles are collectively known as the
• Cardiac output is equal to which of the following?
• Which term denotes white blood cells used for immune defense?
• On an ECG, which feature marks atrial depolarization?
• Which hormone released by the heart lowers blood pressure?
• Which vessels collect deoxygenated blood from heart muscle tissue and empty into the right atrium?
• A cell fragment released by bone marrow that helps in blood clotting is called a
• Which condition would most directly increase right ventricular afterload?
• Which sign is most strongly associated with left-sided heart failure?
• Which term best describes a condition characterized by profound hypotension and reduced tissue perfusion?
• Which term denotes thickening, loss of elasticity, and hardening of arterial walls?
• Which process is defined as blood clotting?
• Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle are called what?
• What is the opening of a blood vessel called?
• Which factor most directly increases preload?
• Name two key diagnostic tools used to assess cardiac function and circulation and a brief purpose for each.
• In hypovolemic shock, which parameter is most directly reduced?
• Which neurotransmitter slows heart rate?
• The brainstem region that controls heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure is the what?
• What is the role of the Purkinje network in coordinating ventricular contraction?
• Which term describes abnormally low blood pressure?
• Which molecule carries oxygen on red blood cells?
• Which is the thick middle muscle layer of the heart?
• Which leukocyte class includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?
• Which term refers to the outer layer of a blood vessel?
• A tiny artery that takes blood into capillaries is an
• Which vascular bed primarily regulates systemic vascular resistance and thus afterload?
• Which term refers to the middle layer of a blood vessel?
• Which heart layer is responsible for contraction and forms the muscular wall?
• The cellular portion of blood is referred to as which of the following?
• Describe the activation sequence of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in response to low blood pressure.
• During isovolumetric contraction, which valves are closed?
• Which valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
• During inspiration, how is venous return to the right heart affected?
• What is the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle also called?
• What membrane lines the cavities of the heart?
• Red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream is called what?
• Baroreceptor reflex detects changes in blood pressure in which arteries?
• How does afterload influence left ventricular ejection during systole?
• What is the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute?
• Which statement about central venous pressure is true?
• If radius increases from r to 2r, flow increases by how much? (Assuming constant pressure and viscosity)
• Which ECG interval represents the total time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization?
• The Bundle of His is also known as which structure?
• Which blood type is the universal donor?
• What is true about coronary perfusion pressure and myocardial oxygen supply, and when is supply greatest?
• Either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles?
• Largest artery in the body that carries freshly oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues is the
• Which set of signs is most characteristic of left-sided heart failure?
• Which statement best describes how LV end-diastolic pressure affects coronary perfusion?
• What is the iron-containing protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells?
• Which statement about capillary filtration is true?
• What term describes the structure that divides the right and left sides of the heart?
• Cells that fight infection, also called white blood cells, are known as which?
• Which statement accurately describes how the autonomic divisions regulate heart rate and contractility?
• Which serous membrane forms the heart's outer surface?
• Which term refers to widening of the blood vessels that allows for increased blood flow?
• Which term refers to a liquid's resistance to flow?
• Which ECG components correspond to atrial and ventricular depolarization, respectively?
• Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
• Each of the two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart?
• The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels is known as what?
• Which term refers to the colorless watery fluid of blood in which cells are suspended?
• Which vessels drain deoxygenated blood from heart muscle tissue and empty into the right atrium?
• What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
• What primarily determines ventricular preload?
• Which hormone increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release?
• Which tissue extends from branches of the AV bundle and stimulates ventricular muscle fibers?
• Which circuit carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart?
• Which ECG interval represents the duration of ventricular depolarization?
• The outer layer of a blood vessel that connects it to surrounding tissues is known as the
• Which finding is most typical of right-sided heart failure?
• Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils are classified as which type of cells?
• In the RAAS response to low blood pressure, what is the initial release in the kidney?
• Where is the SA node located, and what is its normal intrinsic firing rate in a healthy adult?
• Which serous membrane lines the diaphragm and sternum?
• Which blood type is described as lacking both A and B antigens?
• Backflow of blood through a defective heart valve is termed
• What events define isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation in the cardiac cycle?
• Which category of shock is characterized by low systemic vascular resistance due to sepsis or anaphylaxis?
• The valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is the
• The atrial depolarization in an ECG is represented by which component?
• An instrument used for measuring arterial blood pressure is called what?
• Which receptor subtype commonly mediates vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle?
• Which portion of the conduction system transmits impulses from the AV node toward the ventricles?
• Which enlarged vein collects blood from the cardiac veins and empties into the right atrium?
• What is hematocrit, and how does it relate to oxygen transport?
• Why is the right ventricle more susceptible to increases in afterload?
• Describe the capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient from arterial to venous ends.
• Which blood type has both A and B antigens on red blood cells but no antibodies in plasma?
• Which blood cell type carries oxygen throughout the body?
• Which statement best describes how adrenergic receptor subtypes influence vascular tone across the circulation?
• What is the term for the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction?
• Which ECG component corresponds to ventricular depolarization?
• Upper chamber of the heart that receives blood?
• Which factor most directly increases afterload?
• Which division dominates during resting conditions?
• What happens in the baroreceptor reflex when blood pressure rises?
• Which process increases blood flow to tissues by widening vessels?
• Which term describes the smallest artery that delivers blood to capillaries?
• Fibrous tissue cords that anchor the flaps of the atrioventricular valves to the ventricles are called
• Ventricular depolarization is represented on the ECG by which component?
• Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs and abdominal organs to the right atrium
• What is the common formula for estimating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
• Which hormone causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release, raising blood pressure?
• Which division is responsible for the Fight-or-Flight response?
• Which blood type is the universal recipient?
• Which clinical category of shock is defined by low preload due to decreased circulating blood volume?
• Which valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta?
• The middle layer of a blood vessel, made up of smooth muscle fibers and a thick layer of elastic connective tissue, is the
• Differentiate systolic heart failure from diastolic heart failure.
• The heart's pacemaker is located in the wall of which chamber?
• Which description correctly defines Type O blood?
• Which factor contributes to the overall resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation?
• The coronary sinus is best described as which of the following?
• Which term describes the inner lining of the heart chambers?
• On an ECG, which feature marks ventricular repolarization?
• Which structures separate the ventricles and which valves separate the atria from the ventricles?
• Which term describes rapid constriction of the blood vessels to decrease blood flow to the area?
• What lubricates the organs and allows them to glide without friction?
• Which statement best describes the effects of ANP and BNP on blood pressure and blood volume?
• Ejection fraction measures which aspect of ventricular function?
• A blood vessel that returns blood to the heart is called a
• What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in cardiovascular regulation?
• Which factors can affect the accuracy of cuff-based blood pressure measurements?
• The graphic record of the heart's electrical activity is known as what?
• Which is the correct sequence of electrical activation in the cardiac conduction system starting from the SA node?
• Name the four phases of the cardiac cycle and the valve events associated with each phase.
• Lymphocytes and Monocytes belong to which class of white blood cells?
• Which brainstem structure houses autonomic centers that regulate heart rate?
• How do preload and afterload differential shift the cardiac function curve?
• The innermost layer of a blood vessel is the
• How do chemoreceptors influence cardiovascular regulation when they sense hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or acidosis?
• What is the pointed end of the heart called?
• On an ECG, which feature marks ventricular depolarization?
• A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart is an
• One complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart is called what?
• Stroke volume is the amount ejected by the ventricle with each heartbeat. Its primary determinants are:
• Which valves close to produce S1, and which valves close to produce S2?
• The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract is called what?
• Which statement about arteries and arterioles is true?
• Preload is largely determined by end-diastolic volume; higher EDV stretches the ventricles more and increases preload. Which statement best describes preload?
• Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the head, arms, and chest to the right atrium?
• What are typical physiologic responses to bradycardia to maintain cardiac output?
• What is atherosclerosis, and how does it threaten myocardial perfusion?
• What term describes a temporary or sustained decrease in blood flow to a tissue due to vessel constriction?
• Which term means blood flow through the body tissues?
• Which statement about systolic and diastolic blood pressure is accurate?
• Name the major coronary arteries and the territories they nourish.
• What is the ejection fraction, and why is it clinically important?
• Which conducting tissue extends from the AV bundle to the ventricular walls to coordinate ventricular contraction?
• During ventricular filling, what is the status of the AV and semilunar valves?
• Which division of the autonomic nervous system calms the body, conserving energy?
• Which chamber houses the Sinoatrial (SA) node?
• During exercise, which mechanism primarily increases myocardial oxygen delivery?
• Describe the endothelium’s role in controlling vascular tone.
• Formation of blood cells in bone marrow is known as what?
• The relaxation of the ventricles is known as which phase?
• Which statement describes capillary fluid exchange?
• Cardiac muscle fibers will contract more forcefully when stretched (the more you fill it with blood the stronger the contraction) is known as
• Which term best describes the cellular components of blood, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets?
• Excessive afterload can lead to which outcome during systole?
• A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and body cells is a
• Which term is used for chronic high arterial pressure?
• Reflex that maintains appropriate blood pressure by responding to changes in pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries is called what?
• During the ventricular ejection phase, which valves are open?
• What term describes the network that supplies the heart muscle with oxygenated blood?
• Which force drives filtration across capillary walls?
• Which hormone reduces blood pressure by promoting natriuresis?
• Which statement is false regarding preload, afterload, and ventricular response?
• Which blood type would have anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in plasma?
• Ventricular repolarization corresponds to which ECG component?
• Which statement best describes afterload?
• Which division arouses the body, mobilizing energy in stressful situations?
• Which type of valves lies between the ventricles and the major arteries leaving the heart?
• Which factor increases vascular resistance according to Poiseuille-like principles?
• Preload vs afterload: which concept corresponds to ventricular wall stretch at end of diastole?
• Which component lubricates the pericardial space to reduce friction?
• What is the process called when the cell recharges back to its resting state?
• The semilunar valves are located between the ventricles and the major arteries leaving the heart.
• Which vessels carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?
• The left atrioventricular valve is also known as the bicuspid valve.